Useful Knowledge And Origins Of Industrial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Useful Knowledge And Origins Of Industrial? Answer: Introduction United Kingdom has been one of the forerunners in the field of innovation in both technological and creative fields. The industrial revolution begun in Europe and United Kingdom was one of the leaders in taking part in it. In fact, the industrial revolution was rooted in United Kingdom where it begun (Hartwell, 2017). The British people gave birth to a number of innovations and technologies and were pioneer in starting operations trade. Industrial revolution begun in the later part of the 18th century (Mokyr, 2015). The advent of printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany rolled the wheels of public relations in its most primitive form in the mid 15th century. Newspapers started to be printed in Germany for the first time and were adopted by England after 1695, which flourished rapidly since (Clarke, 2017). Basil Clarke who established Editorial Services in 1924 started the first trend of public relations as an official profession. The thesis statement of the essay is: United Ki ngdom has been one of the leader and pioneer in the field of Public Relations, and the public relations has been used by the country very effectively in nation building and social transformation of the nation. The history of United Kingdom has been characterised by a number of highs and lows. The country has been however way ahead of time in a number of aspects including technology, innovation, creativity and governance. The country has been one of the very first to establish its imperial colonies in a number of Asian and African countries (Cain Hopkins, 2016). The country had colonies all over the world. Therefore, especially it was necessary for United Kingdom to make its public relation system strong and effective, so that it can communicate with such a vast area and population it was dealing with. In the mid 17th Century when the English Civil War happened there was a direct clash between Charles I and the Parliament, neither of the sides were willing to blink, Charles was defeated and executed later (Woolrych, 2017). This was the first time when both the parties of the war started propaganda by distributing pamphlets to establish their opinions and gain majority support from the popu lation. Therefore, it is noteworthy how from the very beginning the efforts of nation building and governance have been featured with public relations and propaganda in England. The first newspaper in England started publishing in the year 1665 and was called the London Gazette, which was published twice a week (Clarke, 2017). Many more newspapers followed suit. The newspapers in England often became a tool for the monarchy to influence the general public within the country and also in its colonies beyond the borders (Jowett O'donnell, 2014). A very interesting incident of using the public relations and culture in the 17th Century England by the monarchy happened due to Charles II the son of the executed monarch Charles I about whom mention has been done above. Execution of Charles I by the British parliament had tarnished the image of the monarchy, now it was on his son Charles II to reclaim the position. Charles II used culture as a tool to reclaim his prestige and filled his court room with collecting startling and luxurious art works from the world around which became a talking point all over the nation. The use of propaganda was so much noticeable in h is artworks (Joffe, 2017). There was a huge larger than life size portrait of Charles by the painter John Michael Wright, in which the king is seen to be sitting with lustrous and luxurious dresses holding the ruling sceptre with engraved an enduring image of monarchy restored. The use of culture as a PR tool by the monarch to spread propaganda about the supremacy of the monarchy was very evident from these artwork installations. In the painting called The Sea Triumph of Charles II, it is seen that Charles is riding through the waters by Neptune while Venus looks down from the skies. Noteworthy here is that it highlighted Charles proactive role in bringing an end to the third Anglo Dutch War with the Treaty of Westminster. The British monarchy has seen a number of tumultuous times through which it has successfully got through and survives till today. The role of propaganda and successful use of public relations in the survival of the British media is worth studying. The social transformation that has been happening in Britain through the times is much influenced by the British monarchy. The Monarchy has been the earliest form of government is the United Kingdom. There has been a history of more than thousands years of how the monarchy has shaped and transformed British society (Royal.uk, 2018). In the beginning it was the absolute authority of the monarch on the country. Social transformation by various means led to the supremacy of parliament over time, which is a representative body of the people. The starting point was the devolution of power by King John who promulgated the Magna Carta in 1215 and stated that the king is under the same laws which govern the public. This was followed by Edward I who created the first assembly of representatives of the cities in 1295 which was the first initiative towards establishment of the British parliament (Holt, Garnett Hudson, 2015). These summoning of nobles and representatives became regular and parliament became a phenomenon of governance. Post this the above mentioned incident of the clash between the Parliament and Charles I happened following which Charles was executed. The victory of the Parliament gave a direct hit to the prestige of the monarchy which ruled on divine right. Oliver Cromwell led the parliament and establish ed it as a strong and stable institution (Horspool, 2017). Therefore, it is clearly visible how the British Monarchy played an outstanding role in social transformation of Britain. They basically ushered in the system of parliament and helped in empowerment of the people. It is worthy of noting how both the British monarchy and the parliamentary government has been using the media and PR tools in their respective propaganda. The British media is always historically seen as a tool of propaganda by the royal family. The members of the royal family have been always portrayed in a very positive light. In the recent days most of the coverages of the royal family by British newspapers include beautiful and perfectly dressed pictures of the family members doing some social work or something positive. The royal members are portrayed as idols (Rajan, 2018). This is how the monarchy has been utilising PR in enhancing image through propaganda. Recently there has been controversy over the revelation of Prince Harrys girlfriend Meghan Markle about the desire of the royal family about image control using the public relation and the press as the tool. There have been a sweet and sour relationship of the royal family with the media of the country, which is often characterised by the media getting rebuked by the royal family, recently the spokesman of the royal family wrote to the press about not going too far in doing paparazzi journalism (Addley Booth, 2016). There are several examples of the royal family altering headlines, like the case when the Sun was forced to declare that the news about the Queen backing the Brexit was misleading and false. The death of Prince Diana was the saturation point when the relationship of the press and the Monarchy hit an all-time low, the death was allegedly due to a car accident caused by due to Diana trying to escape the paparazzi (Baker, 2014). With the advent of social media and digital mediums the monarchy and the British government got a whole new way of developing their PR activities. As the royal family got detached from direct political activities, their social responsibilities and activities increased. The royal family though is not directly involved in the political affairs but its impacts on the peoples lives are worth mentionable. Social media has paved the way for a direct communication between the royal family and the common people of Britain. The Buckingham Palace has a twitter handle which even interacts with people. The monarchy has been using the social media also to refute all kinds of fake news and misinformed journalistic opinions. Recently the media went into a frenzy when the queen called a late night meeting of the high officials, and even declared Prince Phillip has died. The monarchs denied all such claims in their official account in the social media. Recently there have been advertisements for recr uitment of digital communication officers at the Buckingham Palace (Davies, 2017). In addition, Prince Harry was tested of HIV live on Facebook. The current twitter handle of the royal family has more than 3 million followers. The Queen also launched a YouTube channel of her own in 2014 (Davies, 2017). It is evident that from the middle ages of the monarchy to the present day ornamental monarchy in Britain, the use of PR by the monarchs and the government has been a constant affair. It is very necessary for the ruling class to establish status quo, and maintain the power to continue their influence on the common men of the nation. There is a need to manipulate the minds of the people and establish a perfect image of the members of the monarchy to maintain the supremacy of the royal family over the mass (McNair, 2017). The monarchy and the government plays a direct role in building the nation by leading the people from the front. They engage in political transformation of the society through active decision making and they use the PR tools to make this happen and spread the word among the people. This is how public relations has a direct impact on nation building. Greenpeace is a NGO dealing with the environmental issues and based in Amsterdam. The official mission of the organisation is to nurture the diversity of life on earth (Greenpeace.org, 2018). The mention of this organisation here is due to its high manipulative ability of the media and PR. They have been utilising public relations tool to the highest level in order to alter peoples mind. May be they want to achieve a noble cause but often they take unethical ways like spreading fake news and videos, like the recent video in which a huge oil spill destroying the arctic ice caps was shown (Holiday, 2013). May be they wanted to project to the population that the ice caps at the poles were failing due to pollution, but the method taken was unethical and unacceptable. Greenpeace has been advertising in social media abundantly and their strategy is to reach more number of people. The World Wide Fund for Nature or WWF is another non-governmental organisational which is focussing on conservation of animals which are under threat of extinction. The organisation has a number of publications aimed at preaching of the organisations goals including the Living Planet Index, it regularly publishes facts and statistics (Worldwildlife.org, 2018). To understand the cultural status of a nation and getting insights about its internal cultural and social leanings and trends, Hofstedes cultural model is very effective. It depicts cross cultural communication and the behavioural patterns of certain cultures achieved by analysis of factors. The Hofstede cultural dimension of UK is as follows. Power Distance- This factor recognises that everyone is not equal and how a culture perceives such distance. Britain has a low score of 35 which means that the society believes in equality and less distance of power. Individualism- High score of 89 in the Individualism scale denotes the highly individualistic society where people are more concerned about self. Masculinity- Masculine culture denotes those which are driven by logical thought and feminine denotes the society driven by emotional quotient. Britain is more of logical. Uncertainty Avoidance- This factor denotes whether the people are of risk taking nature. British people are not very much risk taking it is seen from the low score of 35. Long term orientation- High score in this factor means the society is more concerned about the future, low score means the society is more tradition oriented. Britain is neutral in this regard. Indulgence- The British people believe in indulging into life and enjoying all the material happiness and that is evident from the high score of 69 in this regard. People by the day are more getting involved into the digital media and British monarch and the government is utilising this by using social media to the fullest in order to spread their propaganda through PR mechanisms. The digital technology is becoming intelligent these days, with artificial intelligence being fed into the system which can detect the online behaviour of people in a more efficient way (Tufekci, 2018). In conclusion it can be well said the British Monarchy has been using PR from the very ancient days in order to spread its propaganda of the supremacy of the royal family. PR tools have been used right from the time of the British civil war to the modern days and it has paved the way for a closer connection between the British monarchy and the citizens. The English Monarchy and the government has played active role in the social transformation of the country which is evident from the examples stated throughout this paper. British Royal Family though does not have any active political function today, but it continues to be one of the most influential and talked about families of the whole world. References Addley, E., Booth, R. (2016).Who controls whom? The monarchy v the media.the Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/08/who-controls-who-the-monarchy-v-the-media Baker, S. A. (2014). Performing Social Tragedy: Exploring the New British Spirit a Decade Beyond the Death of Princess Diana. InSocial Tragedy(pp. 47-73). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Cain, P. J., Hopkins, A. G. (2016).British Imperialism: 1688-2015. management. Clarke, B. (2017).From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899. Routledge. Davies, C. (2017).The royal twitterati: how the monarchy learned to love social media.the Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/feb/16/the-royal-twitterati-how-the-monarchy-learned-to-love-social-media Greenpeace.org. (2018).Our Story.Greenpeace International. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/about/our-story/ Hartwell, R. M. (Ed.). (2017).The causes of the Industrial Revolution in England(Vol. 3). Routledge. Hofstede-insights.com. (2018).Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights.Hofstede Insights. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/the-uk/ Holiday, R. (2013).How Greenpeace Manipulated the Media Like a Pro: Analyzing the Shell Oil Hoax.Forbes.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanholiday/2012/06/15/how-greenpeace-manipulated-the-media-like-a-pro-analyzing-the-shell-oil-hoax/#4f9b002ff779 Holt, J. C., Garnett, G., Hudson, J. (2015).Magna carta. Cambridge University Press. Horspool, D. (2017).Oliver Cromwell (Penguin Monarchs): England's Protector. Penguin UK. Joffe, S. L. (2017). The Little Hot-Bed of Fresco Painting: Queen Victorias Garden Pavilion at Buckingham Palace. InVictoria's Lost Pavilion(pp. 13-29). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Jowett, G. S., O'donnell, V. (2014).Propaganda persuasion. Sage. McNair, B. (2017).An introduction to political communication. Taylor Francis. Mokyr, J. (2015). Progress, Useful Knowledge and the Origins of the Industrial Revolution. InInstitutions, Innovation, and Industrialization: Essays in Economic History and Development. Princeton University Press. Rajan, A. (2018).Amol Rajan: The media is a propaganda outlet for Royal Family.The Independent. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/amol-rajan-the-media-is-a-propaganda-outlet-for-royal-family-8078628.html Royal.uk. (2018).The role of the Monarchy.The Royal Family. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.royal.uk/role-monarchy Tufekci, Z. (2018).Machine intelligence makes human morals more important.Ted.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.ted.com/talks/zeynep_tufekci_machine_intelligence_makes_human_morals_more_important?utm_campaign=tedspread--butm_medium=referralutm_source=tedcomshare Woolrych, A. (2017).Battles of the English Civil War. Pickle Partners Publishing. Worldwildlife.org. (2018).News Press | WWF.World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 5 February 2018, from https://www.worldwildlife.org/about/news-press

Restaurant Business Essay Example For Students

Restaurant Business Essay The restaurant industry is very competitive, the lifestyle changes created by modern living continue to fuel its steady growth. More and more people have less time, resources, and ability to cook for themselves. The most important things that we have to concern before opening the restaurant is site selection. I have decided to open a restaurant in Seoul Korea near downtown urban setting; it is an area where people would go out to eat. The customer base will come from 3 major segments; Colleges and Universities There are 3 universities near my restaurant and one of them are within walking distance. Local Businesses Local Population The food concept and product image will attract 3 different customer profiles; The student more and more young people have developed healthy eating habits The health conscious person of any age or sex this includes anyone on a restricted or prescribed diet or those who have committed to a healthy diet. Curious and open-minded if you try it, you will like it. Through publicity, and word of mouth, people will seek out a new experience and learn that nutritious food can be tasty, fun, convenient, and inexpensive. Products Related Services My Restaurant will be offering a menu of food and beverages with a distinctive image. There will be three was to purchase these products; table service at the restaurant, take-out from the restaurant, and delivery to home or office. The Menu The menu is moderate sized, and moderate-low priced offering a collection of ethnic and American items with a common theme healthy (low-fat, low cholesterol, natural ingredients), flavorful, and familiar. Our goal is to create the image of light satisfying and still nutritious food. Food production and assembly will take place in the kitchen of the restaurant. Fresh vegetables, meat and dairy products will be used to crate most of the dishes from scratch. The chef will exercise strict standards of sanitation, quality production, and presentation or packaging over the kitchen and service staff. There will be three ways a customer can purchase food. They may sit down at one of the 25 seats in the dining room and get full service from a waitperson. A separate take-out counter will service those who wish to pick up their food. Most take-out food will be prepared to order with orders coming from either the telephone or fax. Delivery (an indirect form of take-out) will be available at certain times and to a limited area. The restaurant will be open for lunch and dinner 7 days a week. Service will begin at 11:00 AM and end at 11:00 PM. The restaurant will be closed Thanksgiving day. Employees will be trained not only in their specific operational duties but in the philosophy and applications of our concept. They will receive extensive information from the chef and be kept informed of the latest information on healthy eating. A big emphasis is being placed on extensive research into the quality and integrity of our products. They will constantly be tested for our own high standards of freshness and purity. Food costs and inventory control will be handled by our computer system and checked daily by management. Most food will be prepared on the premises. The kitchen will be designed for high standards of sanitary efficiency and cleaned daily. Food will be made mostly to order and stored in large coolers in the basement. Food for delivery may be similar to take-out (prepared to order) or it may be prepared earlier and stocked. Catering will be treated as deliveries. There are over a dozen restaurants in the downtown area that sell food at similar prices. Although this presents an obvious challenge in terms of market share, it also indicates the presence of a large, strong potential. .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 , .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .postImageUrl , .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 , .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:hover , .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:visited , .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:active { border:0!important; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:active , .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9 .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub707797fefed4e6e1b0efb64fddc77f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Symbolic interpretation of traditional marriage rites, and its evolution: case of kom north west of cameroonn The newest competitors have made their successful entry based on an innovative concept or novelty. My restaurant will offer an innovative product in a familiar style at a competitive price. My aggressive plans of take-out and delivery will also give us an advantage to create a good market share before the competition can adjust or similar concepts appear. There are three major ways in which we will create an advantage over our competitors; Product identity, quality, and novelty High employee motivation and good sales attitude Innovative and aggressive service options. My restaurant will be the .

How to Use a College Sample Essay

How to Use a College Sample EssayA sample college essay can be really useful when writing a college class. Not only do you get to be able to get a feel for the style of writing that is usually used in a college setting, but it is also an excellent way to get a feel for what kind of assignments you will be assigned. This will allow you to be prepared for any assignment that may come your way as long as you have the ability to write a sample essay.Writing essays for college students are no longer reserved for the professors, but rather for students. As such, writing a good sample essay for a class is one of the best ways to prepare for assignments that may come your way. There are many reasons that writing samples are a great thing for you to use and include in your class time.You should know that not every professor will expect you to write a sample essay. This may come as a surprise to you, because in most cases, they will expect you to have completed a college level course before yo u start writing assignments. This is the case so that they can gauge your abilities and find out if you have what it takes to learn how to be a successful student.Another reason that you should write a sample essay is so that you can see how to write a thesis statement. This is something that is very important to know and will show you how to write the summary of your argument. You should understand how to develop a strong thesis statement so that you can be sure that you are making an argument that is persuasive.A sample college essay is something that you can use before you even begin to write your own essay. This is so that you can get a feel for what to write and what is expected from you. The best part about using these for college students is that this means that you will be doing all the work in preparing the essay.Make sure that you know the rules for using a college sample essay. One of the most important rules that you should know is to only write one for each student that you are writing for. This is necessary so that you do not repeat the mistakes that other students will make as well as making them feel uncomfortable.You should also be sure that you are using the right structure and sentence construction that will allow you to make your essay effective for college students. For example, if you are writing an essay for your English class, you will want to make sure that you avoid making the sentences too long or too complex. This is so that it can be easily understood by your readers and can be presented in an easy to read way.Overall, using a college sample essay can be useful for you. It will allow you to see how to write a thesis statement and how to write the summary of your argument. It will also give you the ability to see how to write an essay that is easily read by your readers.

The Vietnam Conflict Began In The Late Nineteenth Century. The Essays

The Vietnam conflict began in the late nineteenth century. The French conquered Vietnam and made it a protectorate. For nearly forty years, Vietnam had not experienced settled peace. The League for the Independence of Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) was formed in 1941, seeking independence from the French. On September 2nd,1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed it independent of France. The French opposed their independence from 1945 to 1954. The first representatives of de Gualle's government landed by parachute in Saigon and Hanoi on August 23rd, 1945. The French wanted to reestablish their rule in Vietnam but were beaten at the battle of Dien Bien Phu on May 7th, 1954. The French Expeditionary Force tried to prevent the Viet Minh from entering Laos and Dien Bien Phu was the place chosen to do so. The French were not very careful and this allowed the Viet Minh to cut off their airway to Hanoi. After a siege that had lasted for fifty - five days, the French surrendered. Ho Chi Minh led the war against France and won. After the war there was a conference in Geneva where Vietnam was divided into two parts along the seventeenth parallel. North Vietnam was mainly Communist and supported Ho Chi Minh, while the south was supported by the United States and the French were based there. There was still some Communist rebels within South Vietnam. These were the Viet Cong. The South Vietnam ruler was Ngo Dinh Diem who was anti - Communist. At the conference, Laos and Cambodia became independent states. North Vietnam wished to unify North and South Vietnam through military force. Since the United States feared the spread of communism in Asia, John F. Kennedy provided economic and military aid to South Vietman to prevent the takeover by North Vietnam. At this time, this was still a civil war. The United States were not yet officially involved. The North Vietnamese resented the little intervention by the United Sates and so, three Vietnamese torpedo boats fired on the U.S. destroyer, " Maddox " on August 2nd, 1964. The " Maddox " had been in the Gulf of Tonkin ( international waters ), thirty miles off the coast of Vietnam. On August 3rd, 1964, Johnson gave the right " to attack with the objective of destroying attacking forces " ( Pimlott 1982, 36 ). Retaliation air attacks began on August 3rd. Their aim was to destroy North Vietnam's gunboat capability. As two more United States destroyers were supposedly sunk, more air and sea forces were sent ( Wicker August 5, 1964, 1 ). Up until now, the U.S. had refrained from direct combat. This is when the United States formally entered the Vietman War. The U.S. did this for two reasons. We wished to maintain the independence of South Vietnam and we had to prove to allied nations that we would help them resist Communist overtaking. As Congress was about to vote whether or not to allow the combat to move into North Vietnam, the North Vietnamese attacked a major U.S. airbase at Bein Hoa. On February 7th, 1965, Johnson ordered retaliation bombing on North Vietnam. Rolling Thunder was the name of this operation. It's purpose was to put pressure on Hanoi and convince them that Communism could not and would not win. At the end of 1965, one hundred and eighty thousand Americans were in South Vietnam under General William S. Westmoreland (Encyclopedia Britannica, 12, 361 ). The U.S. mainly depended on superior firepower and helicopters. The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese depended on surprise attack and concealment. The United States soldiers realized that the war would last for many more years and wondered if the U.S. war effort could succeed. At the end of 1968, The number of American troops in South Vietnam reached it's peak of 542, 000 men ( Pimlott 1982, 53 ). The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese launched a major invasion against the United States called the Tet offensive from January 30th to February 25th, 1968. At the Khe Sanh U.S. firebase, there was a major ground battle. There was a siege from January 21st to April 14th. It was thought to be the " American Dien Bien Phu ". The United States turned it around however, with their victory at Hue. By 1969, combat decreased rapidly and American troops began to return home. The role of Communism was extremely important in this conflict. Communism was one of the main reasons of why the United States entered the war in the first place. The U.S. " had " to enter the war to stop the spread of Communism

Essay On Climate Change The WritePass Journal

Essay On Climate Change Conclusion Essay On Climate Change : 1). This is clearly evident through the establishment of green engineering and green chemistry which has been considered to be one of the most effective ways of generating a sustainable environment (Author, 2008: 607). This is because, both green engineering and green chemistry â€Å"seek to maximise efficiency and minimize health and environmental hazards throughout the chemical production process† (Mulvill et al, 2011: 271). This ensures that a sustainable environment can be maintained by controlling global warming and environmental pollution more efficiently. The Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale (2012a: 1) thus seeks to â€Å"advance sustainability by catalyzing the effectiveness of the Green Chemistry and Green Engineering community.† This is achieved by advancing the science, raising awareness, catalyzing implementation and preparing the next generation. The Centre thereby supports the research and development of the science by acting as a catalyst to the green engineering and chemistry communities. Green Engineering   Write an Essay On Climate Change Green engineering seeks to minimize pollution and reduce the risks created by toxic chemicals through the â€Å"development and commercialisation of industrial processes that are economically feasible† (Centre for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 2012b: 1). One of the main objectives of green engineering is therefore to reduce and manage waste more economically. This is vital given the increased amount of waste that is being generated each year: â€Å"current global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per year and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025† (World Bank: 2011: 8). This is a substantial amount of waste and unless the pollution that is created from this is reduced, global warming will be greatly increased. Green engineers have attempted to prevent this from happening, nonetheless, by using only low toxic chemicals. Not only does this reduce manufacturing costs, but it a lso limits chemical exposure to the environment. Risk assessment practices are also being adopted so that the environmental impacts of certain toxic chemicals can be measured and so that a determination as to which chemicals need to be eliminated or avoided can be made. Engineers also â€Å"assess feed and recycle streams based on risk and not volume within a chemical process and design greener products and processes† (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011: 1). All of these processes evidently contribute to the development of a sustainable environment which helps to eliminate global warming. The green engineering principles, as established by Anastas and Zimmerman (2003: 94), have been welcomed by all and as asserted by Abraham (2006, 8); â€Å"the Principles of sustainable engineering provide a paradigm in which engineers can design products and services to meet social needs with minimal impact on the global ecosystem.† This is highly desirable given the concerns surrounding global warming and whilst the principles do not provide engineers with a definitive process for creating a sustainable product, they do provide them with a conceptual framework that can be followed when developing new products and services. This helps to reduce global warming and environmental pollution that is created from toxic chemicals and global markets. Conversely, it is unlikely that the current environmental problems will be completely eradicated by the use of these principles alone which is why international co-operation is imperative. It is unlikely that international co-operation w ill be maintained, however, because of the economic costs this will incur. Accordingly, â€Å"co-operation is unlikely to be sustained when each individual country calculates that if it were to defect from the agreement on its own, with others continuing to abide by the agreement, the benefits of defecting would outweigh the benefits of participation† (Bosetti and Frankel, 2011: 25). Consequently, whilst green engineering is beneficial to the global economy it is unclear whether every country is adopting its principles within the development of new products and services and because of this, global warming and environmental pollution is likely to remain. Green Chemistry   Write an Essay On Climate Change Green chemistry is a concept of chemical research which is similar to green engineering in that it encourages those designing new products and processes to minimise their use of toxic chemicals. Nevertheless, â€Å"green chemistry principles and metrics can influence the entire life cycle of a chemical from design through disposal† (Mulvill et al, 2011: 271). This allows it to minimise the risks associated with environmental hazards a lot better because of the fact that hazardous substances can be eliminated at source. This enables environmental problems to be avoided before they actually happen which is exactly what the United States 1990 Pollution Prevention Act aimed to achieve in its attempts to promote sustainability. Accordingly, the 1990 Act enhanced the focus that was being placed upon pollution prevention by making it clear that source reduction was a lot more effective in advancing sustainability pollution control and management. This is because; source reduction pre vents hazardous substances from being released into the environment at first instance, whereas pollution control and management merely seeks to control toxic chemicals after they have already been released. Green chemistry is therefore significantly important in helping to eliminate global warming and environmental pollution which is necessary in today’s society where the chemical’s industry is severely affecting the environment. Hence, there is a global demand for less reliance to be placed upon the use of fossil fuels and for the adoption of greener manufacturing processes. Green chemistry thereby helps to alleviate such reliance by assisting in the development of a low carbon economy. Sustainability   Write an Essay On Climate Change Whilst green engineering and green chemistry helps to promote sustainability, it is unlikely that global warming and environmental pollution will be completely eradicated as a result of these implementations. This is because, although its effects will be minimised; â€Å"some experts worry that they will not go far enough† (Graham-Rowe, 2005: 1). This is widely due to the difficulties associated with international co-operation since it cannot be said that all individuals and organizations will adopt the concepts of green engineering and chemistry. Hence, â€Å"there is no legal requirement on scheme operators to undertake calibration which is commonplace by international hydrometric standards† (Pillai et al, 2005: 2). In view of this, it cannot be said that the underlying concepts of green engineering and chemistry will be followed. As a result, it is important that the issues surrounding global warming and environmental pollution are addressed more appropriately so tha t the global economy can be sufficiently protected. This is important not only for present generations but also for future generations because as noted by Bell and McGillivray (2008: 55); â€Å"sustainable development meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations.† Consequently, unless the environment is kept as naturally as possible through the prevention of pollution, future generations will suffer and sustainability will not be maintained. Further regulation of this area is needed so that the concepts aimed at helping the environment are upheld. This is because, it cannot be determined at present whether the green concepts are being adhered to and unless individuals fully co-operate, individuals and organizations will continue to damage the environment. Essentially, the uses of toxic chemicals are major causes for concern and unless the environment is managed more effectively, pollution will continue to ensue. More stringent regulatory practices could be implemented so that the use of toxic chemicals is minimized by adopting the concepts of green engineering and green chemistry. A sustainable environment would be created if this were to take effect because as put forward by Lancaster (2010: 304): â€Å"The chemical industry is a key solution provider on the road to sustainability.† He went on to further add that: â€Å"An independent study has shown that, on average, for every tonne of greenhouse gas emitted during chemical production three tones are saved by society by using products of the chemical industry† (Lancaster, 2010: 304-305). This clearly highlights the advantages the chemical industry can bring to the environment and illustrates that green engineering and green chemistry do help alleviate global warming and environmental pollution. The impacts of the chemical industry would, nevertheless, be greater if more efficient regulation was in place which signifies the need for change within this area. Conclusion Overall, global warming and environmental pollution caused from toxic chemicals has been extremely concerning in recent years. This is because, unless the problems associated with the environment are addressed, a sustainable environment will not be maintained. This will not only affect the present generation but it will also affect future generations. Because of this, it is vital that something is done to ensure that less toxic products are used when developing new products. Green engineering and green chemistry has proven to be one of the most effective ways of generating a sustainable environment and therefore needs to be adopted by all. It is likely that international co-operation would prove difficult, yet international standards could be implemented which ensure that the concepts created by the green industry are conformed to. This would enable waste to be reduced and managed more effectively and sustainability would be created. Consequently, unless applicable changes are made t o this area, global warming and environmental pollution will become a bigger problem. As such, it is imperative that the solutions provided for by the chemical industry are followed by all because as was recognised, the chemical industry is a key solution to achieving sustainability. References Abraham, M. A. (2006). Sustainability Science and Engineering: Defining Principles, Elsevier. Anastas, P. T. and Zimmeran, J. B. (2003). Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering, Environmental Science and Technology Journal, Issue 5, Volume 37. Author, A. (2008). Fusing Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: DesignBuild at the Molecular Level, Green Chemistry Journal, Issue 6, Volume 10. Bell, S. and McGillivray, D. (2008), Environmental Law, 7th edition, Oxford University Press. Bosetti, V. and Frankel, J. (2011). Sustainable Co-operation in Global Climate Policy: Specific Formulas and Emission Targets to Build on Copenhagen and Cancun, United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, Research Paper 2011/07. Centre for Green Chemistry Green Engineering at Yale. (2012a). About the Centre, [Online] Available: http://greenchemistry.yale.edu/about-the-center [06 December 2012]. Centre for Green Chemistry Green Engineering at Yale. (2012b). Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Defines, [Online] Available: http://greenchemistry.yale.edu/green-chemistry-green-engineering-defined [06 December 2012]. Graham-Rowe, G. (2005). Hydroelectric Power’s Dirty Secret Revealed, New Scientist, [Online] Available: newscientist.com/article/dn7046-hydroelectric-powers-dirty-secret-revealed.html [06 December 2012]. Lancaster, M. (2010). Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text, 2nd Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry. Mulville, M. J. Beach, E. S. Zimmerman, J. B. and Anastas, P. T. (2011). Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: A Framework for Sustainable Technology Development, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 36. National Instruments (NI). (2012). Green Engineering – Improving the Environment and the Bottom Line, NI Developer Zone, [Online] Available: ni.com/white-paper/7257/en [05 December 2012]. Pillai, A. Reid, C. T. and Black, A. R. (2005) Reconciling Renewable Energy and the Local Impacts of Hydro-Electric Development, Environmental Law Review, Issue 2, Volume 7. ThinkQuest. (2002), Global Warming, Oracle Education Foundation, [Online] Available: http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/global_warming.htm [05 December 2012]. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). What is Green Engineering, Green Engineering, [Online] Available: epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering/pubs/whats_ge.html [06 December 2012]. World Bank. (2011). Waste Generation, Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, [Online] Available: siteresources.worldbank.org//Resources/336387/Chap3.pdf [06 December 2012]. Looking for someone to modify this Essay? Contact WritePass today.

Space Shuttles Flight Path Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Space Shuttles Flight Path - Essay Example In an approximately a two minute time interval, the two boosters are spent and are separated from the external tank. Once spent, they fall into the ocean at predetermined points and are recovered for reuse. After about eight minutes firing of the engines shuts down, and the craft is injected into orbit. At this time, the external tank is then separated from the orbiter, and is sent into a ballistic trajectory in a designated, yet remote area of the ocean, and is not intended for recuperation. The engine system is constituted of thirty eight primary Reaction Control System (RCS) engines and six vernier RCS engines. RCS are used for maneuvering leverage. Reaction control system release of the engines is done in sequential separation from the orbiter. Initiation of the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines fires the orbiter into orbit. OMS are used to increase velocity on the orbiter's maneuvers. Two OMS execute the orbiter into orbit, while only one thrust sequence is utilized for deorbit. Velocity is attained at approximately 25, 405 feet per second (17,322 statute miles per hour). Deorbit requires a decrease of velocity at about 300 fps (205 mph) for reentry. In the initial entry sequence, the RCS engines control the attitude (i.e. pitch, roll and yaw) of the orbiter, as aerodynamic pressure builds toward activation of the primary reaction control system engine inhibitors. High temperatures induced by entry, are mitigated by a reusable thermal protection system over the entire orbiter. Once unpowered, the orbiter glides to Earth and lands with aviation instrumentation with nominal touchdown at 186 to 196 knots of speed (i.e. 213 to 213 to 225 miles per hour. Risk assessment and cost mitigation management planning in the space community is prefaced by the prediction that satellites have disasters of their own. On February 24, 2009, orbit of the OCO satellite failed as it was being carried into space when the Taurus rocket carrying the craft detached and crashed into the sea near Antarctica. Initial launch of the Observatory was followed by reschedule of the project. In terms of statistical significance probabilistic risk projections of satellite failure and especially satellite collisions are almost impossible to predict. In consideration of the primary differences between accident risk and other types of risk such as public health mitigation of toxicological risk are located in: 1) the derivative of hazard utility to cost; 2) and longitudinal repercussions of consequences of risk. Accidents, while potentially easier to evaluate and hence, mitigate according to engineering systems analysis, may include environmental disasters unknown or statistically insignificant (i.e. outer space satellite collisions). Costs may be high due to level of technological process included in such systemic models of risk accountability, but potential for adherence to regulatory expectation is high in professional settings where scientific analysis and expert operation of technological endeavors eliminates random human errors by laypersons. Here the garbage in and garbage out scenario works best, as garbage can be understood and controlled through incorporation of monitoring into mitigation strategies. A schematic showing the arrangement of the valves in the main propulsion system of Mars Observer (Harland, 2005). The development of universal Safety and Hazard Analysis sources by NASA and their impact on manufacturing

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Response - Essay Example However, a society can be racist even if only a very small number (or even none!) of its members hold racist beliefs. Racism in a society gets often influenced by ignorance, legal system, family settings, economic scramble, among other factors. When a society where by a small number of its members exists, there stands a danger of infection of the small group to infect the larger non racist group. The racist group of people may also bring up their children under the racism grounds hence transmitting the social problem to their generations to come. If the racist group practices racism against their no racist counterparts, they may induce or stimulate counter racism in return. This may worsen or amplify the racism situation in the society (Shah). On the other hand, in a situation where no racist individuals exist in a society (which many scholars believe is hard), new emergences may arise due to various reasons. The first and the most obvious are the emergence of new racist members in the society. In his article, Shar argues that social settings are dynamic and liable to continuous change forever (Shah). These changes get influenced by the arrival of new members as one of the factors. The devastating thing is that this ethical society cannot stop people from coming to their society. Social grouping of one or particular group without considering racial participation equality may induce racism. Starting up a social group of a particular race may not even start up racism believes among them toward other races, but also induce the same believes among the other group that stands not included in this racial group (Shah). Therefore, a careful consideration should be taken when making social groups, institutions and employment to make sure that racial equality stands fair. Some government policies may also be effective in curbing racism while others promote it. The old Immigration Law in the US and apartheid system in South Africa, have promoted